EL CASTILLO DE MONZÓN
Monumento histórico-artístico nacional. Fortaleza emblemática de Monzón y el Cinca Medio, y aun de Aragón por su proyección en la historia de la Corona. De origen árabe (siglo X), el castillo perdió la bandera de la media luna en 1089 al conquistar Sancho Ramírez el lugar. Los templarios se instalaron en 1143 como consecuencia del testamento de Alfonso I el Batallador. El Temple agregó murallas, torres, caballerizas, refectorio y dormitorios. Francisco Castillón Cortada.- << La gran mole arquitectónica descansa sobre roca terciaria. Al parecer, aquí estuvo la ceca ibérica Mansha y, según muchos autores, la Tolous del Itinerario de Antonino. En la época musulmana fue una fortaleza muy conflictiva. Por sorpresa o traición, la reconquistaron Sancho Ramírez y su hijo, el infante-rey Pedro I (1089), e hicieron de ella la cabecera del reino de Monzón, capilla real de San Juan, palacio y ceca con moneda propia. El Cid pasó por esta fortaleza pactando con sus valíes. En 1143 pasó a manos de los templarios, quienes transformaron la fortaleza en convento, con edificios de estilo militar cisterciense, la capilla, el refectorio y su cisterna, los dormitorios, las cárceles de la Encomienda; la torre árabe, a modo de opus spicatum (siglo X) fue habilitada como mansión del comendador. El Castillo llegó a ser cabecera de una amplia encomienda con 28 poblaciones del Valle del Cinca y Litera. Jaime I fue aquí educado por los templarios (agosto de 1214 a junio de 1217). Tras la caída del Temple, se apagó paulatinamente con la posesión sanjuanista y diversos señores, sufrió violentos cercos durante las guerras de 1642, Sucesión e Independencia. Sucesivas remodelaciones le dieron el aspecto actual. Fue cuartel de artillería hasta 1892.
2.- Sala Capitular
Es el edificio que produce mayor impresión de tosquedad. Todo parece indicar que se levantó sobre los cimientos de una construcción anterior. Es un gran rectángulo de 35 x 12 metros, cuya nave cubierta de cañón apuntado causa gran impresión castrense por su desnudez y capacidad. Albergada en el grosor del muro, bajo una gran hornacina que forma una corta bóveda de cañón, se abre la boca del pozo que da al aljibe; dos canales en el interior del edificio bajan desde el techo a través del muro, recogiendo así el agua de la lluvia.(Silvia Arilla, “Patrimonio del Cinca Medio”).- Obra de carácter cisterciense. Líneas arquitectónicas simples y ausencia de esculturas y pinturas. Unida a la Torre del Homenaje mediante arco de medio punto de ladrillo (canal para alimentar el aljibe). Se puede fechar en los siglos XII-XIII. En el XVI fue modificada para ser utilizada como cuartel (se abrieron huecos para ventanas). Está completamente restaurada y acoge actos culturales.
3.- Torre del Homenaje
Probablemente construida entre los siglos IX-X, está edificada en mampostería dispuesta al modo opus spicatum, encadenada en sillar. La torre fue el último refugio de los defensores de la fortaleza. La puerta original se encuentra en alto. En la restauración llevada a cabo en la segunda mitad de la década de los noventa se reconstruyeron las dos ventanas de ajimez de los lados SO y NE. La torre alberga una colección de reproducciones de láminas antiguas del castillo y de diferentes piezas recogidas en las sucesivas excavaciones.(Silvia Arilla, “Patrimonio del Cinca Medio”).- Edificio de planta cuadrada de 10 metros de lado. La mayoría de los autores señalan su origen musulmán (siglos IX-X) por la existencia de grabados antiguos en la ventana ajimezada (dos arcos de herradura apuntada) y el tipo de aparejo en espina de pez. En la comarca encontraos otros ejemplos de esta técnica constructiva en edificios cristianos: castillo de Carboneras, ábsides de la ermita de la Magdalena de Cofita, ábsides del templo de Santa María del Romeral de Monzón…
4.- Dormitorios
Este sobrio edificio fue construido por la Orden del Temple (siglo XII). Servía de alojamiento a los monjes militares. Consta de dos plantas y sótano, del cual parte un subterráneo que, según la tradición, tenía su salida en el río CInca.(Silvia Arilla, “Patrimonio del Cinca Medio”).- Módulo de los Dormitorios, Torre de las Dependencias o Dependencias Templarias. Planta rectangular de 14 x 11 metros. Construido sobre basamentos anteriores. En la fachada norte hay tres puertas y dos ventanas, todas de arco semicircular con dovelas. En el interior se conservan abundantes grafitos góticos en las paredes.
5.- Torre de Jaime I
Torre llamada de Jaime I por ser la que, según la tradición, albergó al príncipe Jaime durante su estancia en el castillo con los caballeros templarios. De planta trapezoidal, este edificio construido en el siglo XII por los Templarios sirvió de cárcel durante su dominación (1143-1308). Posee dos plantas y una terraza. A la planta baja se accede por el cuerpo de guardia adosado al edificio en la última remodelación militar.
6.- Templo – Iglesia de San Nicolás
Planta rectangular de 21 x 12,50 metros. Edificio orientado de Este a Oeste, su ábside proyectado hacia el acantilado hace función de torreón. Construido en el siglo XII por los Templarios, presenta gran cantidad de elementos románicos a la par que alguna influencia gótica. La cabecera, hacia el interior, es románica, semicircular y cubierta con cuarto de esfera. En el centro del ábside se abre una gran trampa en el suelo por donde desciende un subterráneo abierto a golpe de pico a través de la roca, el cual tenía tres salidas. Al exterior, el ábside es poligonal en semihexágono. Resulta importante mencionar su puerta lateral sur con dovelas de temática goda y su puerta principal que alberga un sencillo crismón en una de las molduras que estuvo decorada con tema de ovas.
7.- Caballerizas
Espacio excavado en la roca natural (tras la segunda puerta del castillo). La denominación actual obedece a la última utilización como alojamiento de caballerías durante la permanencia de las distintas guarniciones militares, si bien a lo largo de la historia ha tenido distintos usos: almacén de armas, calabozo, refugio en la Guerra Civil española (1936-39).
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